With another researcher, Malone successfully proposed to the publishers of Frontiers in Pharmacology a special issue featuring early observational studies on existing medication used in the treatment of COVID-19, for which they recruited other guest editors, contributors, and reviewers. Malone resigned from Alchem shortly after the trial began and Northwell paused the trial due to a shortage of hospitalized patients. After encouraging preliminary results, Alchem Laboratories, in conjunction with New York's Northwell Health, initiated a clinical trial on famotidine and hydroxychloroquine. Malone, then with Alchem Laboratories, suspected famotidine may target an enzyme that the virus ( SARS-CoV-2) uses to reproduce, and recruited a computational chemist to help design a 3D-model of the enzyme based on the viral sequence and comparisons to the 2003 SARS virus. His interest in the drug candidate followed early observational data suggesting that it may have been associated with higher COVID-19 survival. In early 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Malone was involved in research through the Defense Threat Reduction Agency's DOMANE program into the heartburn medicine famotidine (Pepcid) as a potential COVID-19 treatment. He has claimed he helped secure early-stage approval for research by Merck & Co. Until 2020, Malone was chief medical officer at Alchem Laboratories, a Florida pharmaceutical company. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases to assist in the development of a treatment for the Zika virus by evaluating the efficacy of existing drugs. He was CEO and co-founder of Atheric Pharmaceutical, which in 2016 was contracted by the U.S. Malone has served as director of clinical affairs for Avancer Group, assistant professor at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, and an adjunct associate professor of biotechnology at Kennesaw State University. In April 2022, Davey Alba, writing for The New York Times, said that "hile he was involved in some early research into the technology, his role in its creation was minimal at best", citing "half a dozen Covid experts and researchers, including three who worked closely with Dr. Ultimately, mRNA vaccines were the decades-long result of the contributions of hundreds of researchers, including Malone. While Malone promotes himself as an inventor of mRNA vaccines, credit for the distinction is more often given to the lead authors on the major papers he contributed to (such as Felgner and Wolff), later advances by Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman, or Moderna co-founder Derrick Rossi. These studies are recognized as among the earliest steps towards mRNA vaccine development. Carson, and others, which first suggested the possibility of synthesizing mRNA in a laboratory to trigger the production of a desired protein. In 1990, he contributed to a paper with Jon A. With Philip Felgner, he performed experiments on the transfection of RNA into human, rat, mouse, Xenopus, and Drosophila cells, work which was published in 1989. In the late 1980s, while a graduate student researcher at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California, Malone conducted studies on messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) technology, discovering in what Nature has described as a landmark experiment that it was possible to transfer mRNA protected by a liposome into cultured cells to signal the information needed for the production of proteins. In the decade after earning his MD, Malone taught pathology at the University of California, Davis and at the University of Maryland. He attended Harvard Medical School for a year-long postdoctoral studies program. He received his BS in biochemistry from the University of California, Davis in 1984, his MS in biology from the University of California, San Diego in 1988, and his MD from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in 1991. Prior to studying medicine, Robert Malone studied computer science at Santa Barbara City College for two years acting as a teaching assistant in 1981. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Malone promoted misinformation about the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. His early work focused on mRNA technology, pharmaceuticals, and drug repurposing research. Robert Wallace Malone (born October 20, 1959) is an American physician and biochemist. University of California, San Diego ( MS)
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